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[PDF] Download Health Informatics E Book Free | Unquote Books
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Health informatics books free download pdf
To browse Academia. Skip to main content. Log In Sign Up. Dimitrios Zikos. A disease is very often a result of interactions of a patient in their environmental and psychosocial context. Therefore, when evaluating health, many considerations should be made, and a large number attributes need to be collected, stored and retrieved during decision making.
The information is produced and communicated during the above mentioned procedures: there are multiple users that share this information in a hospital and outside of the hospital. Very often, same data are accessed concurrently by different health providers, who will need this data for different purposes. Information changes dynamically during the care provision, for example when a new exam is prescribed or when the treatment plan of a patient is altered.
It is also important to understand that the health care information derives from the combination of many atomic health data, which have to be assessed together to produce useful information for the clinical decision making. The majority of health related health informatics books free download pdf coming from the analysis of numerical, Boolean data but also from health informatics books free download pdf, video and sound data.
Why Health Informatics? Categories of Information in Healthcare In terms of the scope of the use of information, there are four categories of health care information: clinical, administrative, financial and population health information, all used in various ways to facilitate decision making.
There are some important considerations related to health care data: Information is data that have meaning: It can be presented in any medium text, lists or graphics in the manner that the end user prefers.
A physiological measurement of is simply a number, we do not know what this figure refers to and how we can measure it, health informatics books free download pdf. This is a fact that we learned about this patient and we can assess this information and compare with clinical expectations for this specific patient, and make evidence based decisions about the treatment plan.
There have been different architectures for the implementation of hospital information systems over the past four to five decades, and the transition to new architectures generally followed the evolution of information systems, health informatics books free download pdf, in general. The recent approach is based on dedicated private cloud services that can be accessed by health professionals. This is an important evolution step, from the traditional views to access to personalized services.
The information in health care is dynamic: patient information constantly changes during a hospitalization and needs to be up to date. Health professionals need to constantly reassess any new input for informed decisions. Methods of utilizing data to inform clinical decisions A health professional utilizes four critical methods involving data, to make decisions: i medical knowledge base ii information coming from patient iii experience and judgment.
It is not limited to the university acquired knowledge, but also involves continuous education, reviewing recent literature and publications, attending conferences and scientific meetings, health informatics books free download pdf.
Information coming from patient: includes and is not limited to, the patient history, medical exams, vital signs, radiology tests. Experience, medical judgment: we refer to the clinician putting together all the different pieces of a puzzle, including the three components above, to decide on a diagnosis for a patient and consequently which one would be the treatment options.
Doctors, during the medical judgment have learned how to do a differential diagnosis, which is the process of differentiating between two or more conditions that share similar signs or symptoms. For nurses, the nursing assessment is part of the nursing process and is a systematic procedure that nurses follow. It involves the collection and analysis of the available patient data, and is not limited to the physiological, but also involving psychological, sociocultural, and lifestyle factors too.
This component is the most recent addition to the clinical decision making mechanism, and still remains unexplored or, at best, underutilized in most hospitals. These systems should serve as an additional input for the health professional, who in their turn, will be expected to use this extra input for more accurate and less error prone medical decisions. It is generally agreed, health informatics books free download pdf, in the literature that these systems can neither act autonomously, nor can dictate to the health professional, the appropriate practices.
Decision making systems, on the contrary, should be designed as an extension health informatics books free download pdf the human cognitive process that takes place during decision making. Healthcare professionals combine their knowledge, experience and patient information, and eventually will also consult model predictions which use historical data, to make clinical decisions Definition of Informatics and ICT In order to understand the significance of Health Informatics science, we first need to define Informatics.
The science of information studies the analysis, collection, classification, manipulation, storage, retrieval, movement, dissemination, and protection of information. The term also refers to the complementary networks of hardware and software that people and organizations use to collect, filter, process, create and also distribute data.
It is obvious that the term informatics does not refer to computational methods and the computer science, although many of the methods that informatics employs, can be computer science methods. Information and Communication Technology ICT — The communication technologies and services that health informatics books free download pdf used in various applications. The term describes these computer, communication and multimedia technologies that can be used to receive, process, store, display and disseminate information.
Key Elements of Health informatics books free download pdf Acquisition: capture data produced during health health informatics books free download pdf provision.
There are different ways that this is achieved in a clinical environment: 1, health informatics books free download pdf. Observation and clinical examination: doctors and nurses collect crucial information about patients using the medical and nursing evaluation procedures, which include systematic steps to assess a patient condition from a medical and nursing perspective.
Doctors also health informatics books free download pdf the clinical examination which includes palpation, inspection, percussion and auscultation. This way, doctors use their natural senses and tools which amplify our natural senses abilities while examining a patient. Talking with the patient, talking with other health professionals.
Especially the interactions between nurses and doctors are of great importance, taking into consideration that nurses spend a considerable amount of time with the patient and are able to do nursing observations which can provide an invaluable input to the doctor. The above can be significantly important and the physician would not be in place to notice, timely.
There is evidence that a hospital environment valuing the interprofessional collaboration between health professionals, is an invaluable factor and significant contributor to quality health care services and patient satisfaction, health informatics books free download pdf. Physiological measurements: may be very simple, such as the measurement of body temperature with a clinical thermometer, and the measurement of blood pressure, or they may be more complicated, for example measuring how well the heart is functioning by taking an ECG electrocardiograph.
Typically, the majority of physiological measurements are performed by nurse practitioners. Laboratory tests and radiology examinations: laboratory tests involve the analysis of samples extracted from patients i. The analysis of enzyme concentration, blood elements, anti-body tests, urine ketone concentration, are some typical examples.
Storage and retrieval : involves the storage of data in physical medial, so that it can be retrieved. The storage of healthcare related data is nowadays achieved via i the direct entry of information into Electronic Medical Records, and consequently the storage of data in relational in most of the cases databases, on the system backend ii using sensors, health informatics books free download pdf, which perform measurements and then send the data via a communication module to interoperable systems iii health informatics books free download pdf scanning handwritten documents and using optical character recognition OCR technologies.
Storing patient information in portable devices is not a recommended practice, for data privacy reasons. These devices e. Information retrieval during the clinical practice involves healthcare professionals navigating and using search tools found in graphical user interfaces of Electronic Medical Records. Healthcare professionals are end users and have no direct access to the data, and no access to database querying engines. A typical functionality of modern systems is the support of advanced reports which visualize the clinical information, transforms the data into useful representations with longitudinal data insights.
Communication: data moves from the point of data collection to storage, for analysis, and finally, back to the point of data use. Communication of health care data within and across subsections of a hospital information system, involves the use of communication protocols and interoperability standards. Interoperable systems should not only be technically compatible but should also achieve seamless data exchange.
Manipulation: data usually needs to be manipulated, to be combined with other data, and aggregated, for statistical and healthcare analytics purposes. Data manipulation can be as simple as the calculation of a patient age from the age of birth, or it can refer health informatics books free download pdf more advanced applications where data science methods are applied on data to generate prediction models, health informatics books free download pdf.
Data manipulation may also refer to different representations of data for the end user: it may be possible for the healthcare professional to view information about a patient, based on a sequential time-line, which represents each clinical intervention and event according to the time it occurred.
At any given point, though, a healthcare professional may opt for viewing the same exact information for that patient, based on the location of the clinical interventions and events. For example, the output provides details about events, classified by the location, e. Display: refers to the way that data may be displayed so that it can be easily understood and used. Displaying information does not only refer to the physical output devices monitors, printers etc.
From data to information and new knowledge: the knowledge circle The discipline has evolved during the last decades The area of health informatics is evolving and is nowadays considered to be a well-defined scientific area with multidisciplinary nature. When mainframe computers were introduced in hospitals halfway through the 20th century, the obvious benefits were not solely information science related, and could rather be summarized in i moving away from paper records which are prone to physical damage and take up a lot of storage space ii being able to share data, since the mainframe could be accessed with the use of dummy terminals from more than one user at a time and iii calculations for cost estimation and budgeting purposes became easier, since they would actually be performed by processing units rather than manually.
Actually, health informatics books free download pdf, the latter, for many, has been one of the most significant motivators for decisions involving investments for computer mainframes back in the day. Later on, with advancements in computer science and information technology science, the storage and retrieval of the majority of clinical information started to rely on computer systems and computer networks; this is when there appeared the first early hospital information systems.
These information systems have soon been covering a wide spectrum of functions within a hospital. Specialized medical devices health informatics books free download pdf in the market, often offering advanced networking capabilities, for their time. Many such examples can be found in medical imaging. These systems were accompanied by standards defining their specifications in detail, and protocols that each manufacturer should follow. Within this context, one could see new evolving sub-domain, or application domain of computer science, and therefore the medical computer science became a well-defined domain on its own.
Efforts then started to focus on how it would be possible to develop user friendly systems which could make the entry, retrieval and presentation of healthcare data seamless, and how this data could be transformed into clinically meaningful information for healthcare professionals. During the decades of the s and s, the direction of the scientific community was to study and develop novel electronic medical record frameworks which would facilitate the above priorities.
Today, there are many well defined sub-areas of health informatics, which independently develop methods and new knowledge for their own areas of specialization: dental informatics, nursing informatics etc. The recent direction of health informatics is the focus on the integration of smart data analytics and data mining algorithms for clinical and administrative decision making.
This direction is driven by recent technological and computer science advancements which make it possible to analyze huge volumes of data with novel machine learning methods, to provide accurate predictions and estimations which can be extremely useful during decision making. Eventually, in the coming years, we will be witnessing the integration of predictive algorithms into Electronic Health Records, which will be providing recommendations for patients at the point of care.
These recommendations will be a result of the analysis of enormous amounts of historical patient data, in order to identify useful patterns, for the diagnosis, therapeutic plan and prognosis of a patient, with the ultimate goal to improve the quality of care in a patient centered health-care system.
Health Informatics is an Interdisciplinary field combining health, computer science, statistics health informatics books free download pdf engineering. It is recognized as a field where information, ICT and cognitive knowledge come together. The image below presents the scope of health informatics information processing, cognitive processing and methodologiesthe context of health informatics practice, research, education and finally the technologies facilitating its scope.
Health Informatics uses information to improve health care. This is a requirement, in order to meaningfully introduce health informatics applications. It is closely bonded with fostering education of health professionals and the public. Health informatics can provide tools and methods for e-health literacy, that is to reach out large populations for disease prevention and health promotion, health informatics books free download pdf, through targeted and personalized interventions.
Health informatics methods and systems, are also becoming important for the education of health professionals and healthcare administrations. Health informatics studies the process where health data, information, and knowledge are collected, stored, processed, communicated, and used to support health care delivery to clients and providers, administrators, and health organizations. Each one of those groups may be utilizing the same data which have been transformed and processed in order to facilitate the strategic goals of different professional groups in health care, and of patients as well.
MediQoC is one example of such systems, and will be discussed in appendix. This system provides to the user the opportunity to navigate through Medicare healthcare providers, by typing in their symptoms, in order to find appropriate and safe health care services.
The appendix describes the platform and the methods that have been used for the development of MediQoC. Health knowledge management: can prove to be extremely useful in an overview of latest medical journals, health informatics books free download pdf, best practice guidelines or epidemiological tracking.
Nowadays there is a wealth of new medical knowledge coming out every day, health informatics books free download pdf.
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